STRUT: WING

　　beam: door

　　axle: wheel

　　guy: pylon

　　root: plant

　　twig: branch

　　答案：(C)

　　支杆(昂首阔步地走)；机翼

　　大梁:门

　　轴:轮

　　支索:铁塔

　　根:植物

　　细枝(理解):枝

　　As Gilbert White, Darwin, and others　observed long ago, all species appear to　have the innate capacity to increase　their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is　to untangle the environmental and　biological factors that hold this　intrinsic capacity for population growth　in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited　by different populations makes this task　more difficult: some populations remain　roughly constant from year to year;　others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others　vary wildly, with outbreaks and crashes　that are in some cases plainly　correlated with the weather, and in　other cases not.

　　　To impose some order on this　kaleidoscope of patterns, one school of　thought proposes dividing populations　into two groups. These ecologists posit　that the relatively steady populations have "density-dependent" growth　parameters; that is, rates of birth,　death, and migration which depend　strongly on population density. The　highly varying populations have "density-independent" growth parameters,　with vital, rates buffeted by　environmental events; these rates　fluctuate in a way that is wholly　independent of population density.

　　This　dichotomy has its uses, but it　can cause problems if taken too　literally. For one thing, no population　can be driven entirely by　density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or　unpredictably birth, death and migration　rates may be fluctuating around their　long-term averages, if there were no　density-dependent effects, the population would, in the long run,　either increase or decrease without　bound (barring a miracle by which gains　and losses canceled exactly). Put　another way, it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population　arise from density-independent causes,　and only one percent from factors　varying with density. The factors　making up the one percent may seem unimportant, and their cause may be　correspondingly hard to determine. Yet,　whether recognized or not, they will　usually determine the long-term average　population density.　

　　In order to understand the nature of　the ecologist s investigation, we may　think of the density-dependent effects　on growth parameters as the "signal"　ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the　population increase from relatively low　values or decrease from relatively high　ones, while the density-independent　effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. For populations　that remain relatively constant, or that　oscillate around repeated cycles, the　signal can be fairly　easilly characterized and　its　effects　described,even　though　the　causative　biological　mechanism may remain unknown. For　irregularly fluctuating　opulations, we　are likely to have too few observations　to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But　it now seems clear that all populations　are regulated by a mixture of　density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.

　　The author of the passage is　primarily concerned with　

　　discussing two categories of factors　that control population growth and　assessing their relative importance　

　　describing how growth rates in　natural populations fluctuate over time　and　explaining why these changes occur

　　proposing a hypothesis concerning　population sizes and suggesting ways to test it

　　posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answers

　　refuting a commonly accepted theory about population density and offering a new alternative

　　答案：(A)

　　正如吉尔伯·怀特（Gilbert White），达尔文（Darwin）及其他人很久以前就指出的那样，所有的物种都拥有一种与生俱有的能力，一代接一代地繁衍增加其数量。生态学家所要完成的任务，就是去解开那些环境和生态的因素，看它们如何最终将这一致使种群增长的内在能力予以控制。由不同种群展现出来的这些动态行为的巨大多样性使得这一任务更显困难：某些种群一年与一年之间保持大致稳定不变；其它的则呈现出规律的多寡周期；更有一些群则变幻莫测，时而暴增，时而暴减，有些情形中显然与气候有关，而在其它情形中则无关。

　　为了赋予这些万花筒般变化多端的模式以某种秩序，某一思想流派提出，将所有种群划分成两类。这些生态学家假设，那些相对稳定的种群具有“密度依赖”（density-dependent）增长参数；换言之，即那些严重依赖种群密度的出生、死亡、和迁徙率。而那些变化很大的种群则具有“密度独立”（density-independent）的增长参数，种群的生存率由于环境事件而不断受挫。这些比率以一种完全独立于种群密度的方式波动变化。

　　这种两分法有其用途，但如果太刻板地加以理解，它也会引起问题。一方面，没有任何种群会在所有的时候完全被“密度独立”的因素所驱使。无论出生、死亡、和迁徙率在怎样严重和不可预测的程度上有可能围绕着它们长期平均值波动变化，假若根本不存在密度依赖效应的话，整个种群将最终毫无限制地或增加或减少（从而阻碍了增益和亏损藉以完全取消这一奇迹的发生）。换言之，情况或许是，某一种群内所有死亡事件平均百分之九九都起源于“密度独立”原因，唯有百分之一的死亡事件源于与密度相应变化的因素。那些构成了百分之一的因素似乎显得无足轻重，而它们的原因也相应地难以断定。然而，不管能否得到确认，一般来说，它们将决定那种长期平均种群密度。

　　为了能理解生态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作用于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作生态学家们力图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这一信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较高的数值递减；而与此同时，那些密度独立效应起到的作用则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪音”。对于那些保持相对不变或那些围绕着不断重复的周期而波动的种群来说，该信号能相当容易地加以形容，其效应亦可加予描述，虽然作为原因的生物机制有可能不得而知。对于那些不规则波动的种群而言，我们可能会拥有太少的观察，以致于不可能有望从那震耳欲聋的噪音中获取那一信号。但现在一切似乎显得很清楚，所有种群无不受到密度依赖与密度独立两种效应不同程度上兼而有之的制约。

　　It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers the dichotomy discussed in the second paragraph to be

　　applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations

　　useful, but only if its limitations are recognized

　　dangerously misleading in most circumstances

　　a complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena

　　conceptually valid, but too confusing to apply on a practical basis

　　答案：(B)

　　Which of the following statements can be inferred from the last paragraph?

　　For irregularly fluctuating populations, doubling the number of observations made will probably result in the isolation of density-dependent effects.

　　Density-dependent effects on population dynamics do not occur as frequently as do density-independent effects.

　　At present, ecologists do not understand any of the underlying causes of the density-dependent effects they observe in population dynamics..

　　Density-dependent effects on growth parameters are thought to be caused by some sort of biochemical "signaling" that ecologists hope eventually to understand.

　　It is sometimes possible to infer the existence of a density-dependent factor controlling population growth without understanding its causative mechanism.

　　答案：(E)

　　According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about density-dependent factors in population growth?

　　They ultimately account for long-term population levels.

　　They have little to do with long-term population dynamics.

　　They are always more easily isolated and described than those that are density-independent

　　They include random environmental events.

　　They contradict current ecological assumptions about population dynamics.

　　答案：(A)

　　According to the passage, all of the following behaviors have been exhibited by different populations EXCEPT

　　roughly constant population levels from year to year

　　regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers

　　erratic increases in numbers correlated with the weather

　　unchecked increases in numbers over many generations

　　sudden declines in numbers from time to time

　　答案：(D)

　　The discussion concerning population in lines 35-59 serves primarily to

　　demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-dependent factors limiting population growth

　　advocate more rigorous study of density-dependent factors in population growth

　　prove that the death rates of any population are never entirely density-independent

　　give an example of how death rates function to limit population densities in typical populations

　　underline the importance of even small density-dependent factors in regulating long-term population densities

　　答案：(E)

　　In the passage, the author does all of the following EXCEPT

　　cite the views of other biologists

　　define a basic problem that the passage addresses

　　present conceptual categories used by other biologists

　　describe the results of a particular study

　　draw a conclusion

　　答案：(D)

　　In Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine　Hansberry does not reject integration or　the economic and moral progress of the　American dream; rather, she remains loyal to this dream while looking, realistically, at its incomplete　realization. Once we recognize this　dual vision, we can accept the play s　ironic nuances as deliberate social commentaries by Hansberry rather than　as the "unintentional" irony that Bigsby　attributes to the work. Indeed a　curiously persistent refusal to credit　Hansberry with a capacity for intentional irony has led some critics　to interpret the play s thematic　conflicts as mere confusion,　contradiction, or eclecticism. Isaacs,　for example, cannot easily reconcile Hansberry s intense concern for her race　with her ideal of human reconciliation.　But the play s complex view of Black　self-esteem and human solidarity as　compatible is no more "contradictory" than Du Bois famous, well-considered　ideal of ethnic self-awareness　coexisting with human unity, or Fanon s　emphasis on an ideal internationalism　that also accommodates national identities and roles.

　　The author s primary purpose in this passage is to　

　　explain some critics refusal to consider Raisin in the Sun a deliberately ironic play

　　suggest that ironic nuances ally Raisin in the Sun with Du Bois and Fanon s writings

　　analyze the fundamental dramatic conflicts in Raisin in the Sun

　　justify the inclusion of contradictory elements in Raisin in the Sun

　　affirm the thematic coherence underlying Raisin in the Sun

　　答案：(E)

　　在《阳光下的葡萄干》（Raisin in the Sun）一剧中，洛兰·汉斯贝里（Lorraine Hansberry）并不摈弃民族融合，或美国梦的经济和道德前景；相反，她一方面对这一梦想矢志不移，一方面则又以实现的眼光审视它那不完全充分的实现。我们一旦辨认出这一双重视角，我们就可以将该剧带有讽刺色彩的精妙内涵作为汉斯贝里有意识的社会评论予以接受，而不是象比格斯比（Bigsby）所赋予给作品的那样，将其视作“无意识的讽刺”。事实上，人们持续不断地拒不承认汉斯贝里具备进行有意识讽喻的能力，这种令人费解的做法已导致某些评论家将该剧作的主题冲突解释成为纯粹的混乱、矛盾或折衷主义。例如，伊萨克斯（Issacs）就无法轻易地将汉斯贝里对其种族强烈的关注与其人类和谐之理想相调和。但该剧有关黑人自尊可与人类团结相融合这一复杂观点，丝毫都不比杜波伊斯（Du Bois）的理想或法侬（Fanon）的强调来得更为“矛盾”：杜波伊斯提出的著名的、深思熟虑的理想是，民族的自觉可以和人类大同共存；法侬则对理想的国际主义进行了强调，而这一理想的国际主义同样也能兼容民族身份与角色。

　　It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about Hansberry s use of irony in Raisin in the Sun?

　　It derives from Hansberry s eclectic approach to dramatic structure.

　　It is justified by Hansberry s loyalty to a favorable depiction of American life.

　　It is influenced by the themes of works by Du Bois and Fanon.

　　It is more consistent with Hansberry s concern for Black Americans than with her ideal of human reconciliation.

　　It reflects Hansberry s reservations about the extent to which the American dream has been realized.

　　答案：(E)　

　　In which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs to Raisin in the Sun?

　　The statement that Hansberry is "loyal" (line 5) to the American dream

　　The description of Hansberry s concern for Black Americans as "intense" (line 20)

　　The assertion that Hansberry is concerned with "human solidarity" (line 23)

　　The description of Du Bois ideal as "well-considered" (line 25)

　　The description of Fanon s internationalism as "ideal" (line 28)

　　答案：(D)

　　The author of the passage would probably

　　consider which of the following judgments

　　to be most similar to the reasoning of

　　critics described in lines 12-18 ?

　　The world is certainly flat; therefore,

　　the person proposing to sail around it

　　is unquestionably foolhardy.

　　Radioactivity cannot be directly perceived;

　　therefore, a scientist could not possibly

　　control it in a laboratory.

　　The painter of this picture could not intend

　　it to be funny, therefore, its humor must

　　result from a lack of skill.

　　Traditional social mores are beneficial to

　　culture; therefore, anyone who deviates

　　from them acts destructively.

　　Filmmakers who produce documentaries deal

　　exclusively with facts; therefore, a

　　filmmaker who reinterprets particular

　　events is misleading us.

　　答案：(C)　

　　ADVOCATE:

　　rectify

　　enforce

　　observe

　　denounce

　　reimburse

　　答案：(D)

　　支持，鼓吹v.　

　　A.纠正

　　B. 实施

　　C. 遵守（观察）

　　D. 谴责

　　E. 偿还

　　CORRUGATED:

　　pliant

　　smooth

　　fragile

　　vaporous

　　permeable

　　答案：(B)

　　起皱的adj.　

　　A.柔软的，柔顺的

　　B. 平滑的

　　C. 易碎的（脆弱的）

　　D. 蒸气的（空洞的）

　　E. 可渗透的

　　COVERT:

　　acquainted

　　acclaimed

　　spontaneous

　　open

　　alert

　　答案：(D)

　　秘密的adj.　

　　A.认识的，熟悉的

　　B. 喝彩的

　　C. 自发的

　　D. 公开的（坦率的）

　　E. 警觉的

　　EXTRANEOUS:

　　fruitful

　　expeditious

　　neutral

　　relevant

　　precipitous

　　答案：(D)

　　外在的，无关的adj.　

　　A.有成果的

　　B. 敏捷的，迅速的

　　C. 中立的（中性的）

　　D. 相关的

　　E. 仓促的

　　DISTENSION:

　　release

　　dilution

　　implosion

　　angularity

　　compression

　　答案：(E)

　　扩张，膨胀n.　

　　A.释放

　　B. 稀释

　　C. 内爆

　　D. 瘦骨磷峋（态度生硬）

　　E. 压缩

　　CONVERSANCE:

　　anonymity

　　brevity

　　lack of familiarity

　　lack of manners

　　lack of enthusiasm

　　答案：(C)

　　精通n.　

　　A.匿名

　　B. 简短

　　C. 不熟悉

　　D. 缺乏礼貌

　　E. 缺乏热情

　　EMBOSS:

　　turn over

　　flatten out

　　whittle away

　　roughen

　　unfold

　　答案：(B)

　　使凸出，加雕花纹于v.　

　　A.推翻

　　B. 弄平，铲平

　　C. 削掉

　　D. 使变粗糙

　　E. 打开（阐明）

　　QUOTIDIAN:

　　resourceful

　　serious

　　unusual

　　expensive

　　combative
　　答案：(C)

　　每日的，平凡的adj.　

　　A.机智的

　　B. 严肃的

　　C. 非凡的

　　D. 昂贵的

　　E. 好斗的

　　TORRIDNESS:

　　solubility

　　volatility

　　frigidity

　　viscosity

　　purity

　　答案：(C)

　　炎热n.　

　　A.可溶解（可解决）

　　B. 挥发性（多变）

　　C. 寒冷

　　D. 粘性

　　E. 纯度

　　OPPROBRIUM:

　　good repute

　　fair recompense

　　fidelity

　　exposure

　　patience

　　答案：(A)

　　恶名声（辱骂）n.　

　　A.好名声

　　B. 公开的补偿

　　C. 忠诚

　　D. 暴露（曝光）

　　E. 耐心

　　DISABUSE:

　　afflict with pain

　　lead into error

　　force into exile

　　remove from grace

　　free from obligation

　　答案：(B)

　　纠正（打消…错误念头）v.　

　　A.受疼痛折磨

　　B. 导致错误

　　C. 强迫流放

　　D. 不优雅

　　E. 没有义务